Biosecurity involves the practices, procedures and policies used to prevent the introduction and spread of disease causing organisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) as well as many aquatic invasive species (e.g., zebra mussels, rusty crayfish). Fish diseases continue to be one of the greatest causes of economic loss for the industry, accounting for million of dollars in annual losses to U.S. fish producers
Why is biosecurity important? The most obvious reason is to reduce the risk of disease introduction or spread on your farm. The concentration of large number of animals within production settings can lead to the rapid spread of disease. High stocking densities also increase stress, making fish more susceptible to disease. Since treatment options are limited for most aquaculture diseases, prevention remains the best line of defense for the aquaculture producer.
Biosecurity measures can also help promote fish health and protect your economic investment. There are a number of regulations and trade requirements for fish, as well as a growing demand for specific pathogen free (SPF) fish. Many times these requirements involve the implementation and documentation of biosecurity procedures on the farm. Maintaining healthy fish and acquiring pathogen free status can improve or ensure a producer’s reputation for providing high quality product.
The needed biosecurity measures for a farm will depend on a number of factors, including the type of facility, the purpose of the facility (e.g., stocking, food fish), as well as the species and life stages reared. Therefore, there is no “one-size-fits-all” solution. Determining the biosecurity measures needed will involve identifying risk areas for your facility and determining the necessary preventive measures to obtain the greatest cost-benefit. Most preventive measures are inexpensive when compared to the potential loss that can occur from fish deaths, decreased production or the need for depopulation following a disease outbreak. Many are also quickly implemented procedures (e.g., foot dips, disinfection); while others may involve variable levels of economic investment or effort (e.g., dedicated quarantine equipment or facilities). Work with your veterinarian or fish health specialist to identify risk factors and develop an effective biosecurity plan for your operation. Once determined, make sure these measures are communicated to others involved with your farm (e.g., employees delivery personnel, visitors).